Feastday: November 22
Patroness of Music
In the fourth century appeared a Greek
religious romance on the Loves of Cecilia and Valerian, written, like those of Chrysanthus
and Daria, Julian and Basilissa, in glorification of the virginal life, and with the
purpose of taking the place of the sensual romances of Daphnis and Chloe, Chereas and
Callirhoe, etc., which were then popular. There may have been a foundation of fact on
which the story was built up; but the Roman Calendar of the fourth century, and the
Carthaginian Calendar of the fifth make no mention of Cecilia.
It is said, however, that
there was a church dedicated to S. Cecilia in Rome in the fifth century, in which Pope
Symmachus held a council in 500. But Symmachus held no council in that year. That held at
Easter, 502, was in the "basilica Julii"; that on September 1, 505, was held in
the "basilica Sessoriana"; that on October 23, 501, was in "porticu beati
Petri apostoli que appelatur Palmaria." The next synod, November 6, 502, met in the
church of St. Peter; that in 533, "ante confessionem beati Petri"; and that in
503 also in the basilica of S. Peter. Consequently, till better evidence is produced, we
must conclude that S. Cecilia was not known or venerated in Rome till about the time when
Pope Gelasius (496) introduced her name into his Sacramentary. In 821, however, there was
an old church fallen into decay with the dedication to S. Cecilia; but Pope Paschal I
dreamed that the body of the saint lay in the cemetery of S. Celestas, along with that of
her husband Valerian. He accordingly looked for them and found them, or, at all events,
some bodies, as was probable, in the catacombs, which he was pleased to regard as those of
Cecilia nd Valerian. And he translated these relics to the church of S. Cecilia, and
founded a monastery in their honor.
The story of S. Cecilia is
not without beauty and merit. There was in the city of Rome a virgin named Cecilia, who
was given in marriage to a youth named Valerian. She wore sackcloth next to her skin, and
fasted, and invoked the saints and angels and virgins, beseeching them to guard her
virginity. And she said to her husband, "I will tell you a secret if you will swear
not to reveal it to anyone." And when he swore, she added, "There is an angel
who watches me, and wards off from me any who would touch me." He said,
"Dearest, if this be true, show me the angel." "That can only be if you
will believe in one God, and be baptized."
She sent him to Pope S. Urban
(223-230), who baptized him; and when he returned, he saw Cecilia praying in her chamber,
and an angel by her with flaming wings, holding two crowns of roses and lilies, which he
placed on their heads, and then vanished. Shortly after, Tibertius, the brother of
Valerian, entered, and wondered at the fragrance and beauty of the flowers at that season
of the year.
When he heard the story of
how they had obtained these crowns, he also consented to be baptized. After their baptism
the two brothers devoted themselves to burying the martyrs slain daily by the prefect of
the city, Turcius Almachius. [There was no prefect of that name.] They were arrested and
brought before the prefect, and when they refused to sacrifice to the gods were executed
with the sword.
In the meantime, S. Cecilia,
by preaching had converted four hundred persons, whom Pope Urban forthwith baptized. Then
Cecilia was arrested, and condemned to be suffocated in the baths. She was shut in for a
night and a day, and the fires were heaped up, and made to glow and roar their utmost, but
Cecilia did not even break out into perspiration through the heat. When Almachius heard
this he sent an executioner to cut off her head in the bath. The man struck thrice without
being able to sever the head from the trunk. He left her bleeding, and she lived three
days. Crowds came to her, and collected her blood with napkins and sponges, whilst she
preached to them or prayed. At the end of that period she died, and was buried by Pope
Urban and his deacons.
Alexander Severus, who was
emperor when Urban was Pope, did not persecute the Church, though it is possible some
Christians may have suffered in his reign. Herodian says that no person was condemned
during the reign of Alexander, except according to the usual course of the law and by
judges of the strictest integrity. A few Christians may have suffered, but there can have
been no furious persecutions, such as is described in the Acts as waged by the apocryphal
prefect, Turcius Almachius.
Urbanus was the prefect of
the city, and Ulpian, who had much influence at the beginning of Alexander's reign as
principal secretary of the emperor and commander of the Pretorian Guards, is thought to
have encouraged persecution. Usuardus makes Cecilia suffer under Commodus. Molanus
transfers the martyrdom to the reign of Marcus Aurelius. But it is idle to expect to
extract history from romance.
In 1599 Cardinal Paul Emilius
Sfondrati, nephew of Pope Gregory XIV, rebuilt the church of S. Cecilia.
St. Cecilia is regarded as
the patroness of music [because of the story that she heard heavenly music in her heart
when she was married], and is represented in art with an organ or organ-pipes in her hand.
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